Ionic Radius Definition and Trend

Ionic Radius Definition and Trend The ionic radius (plural: ionic radii) is the measure of an atoms ion in a crystal lattice. It is half the distance between two ions that are barely touching each other. Since the boundary of the electron shell of an atom is somewhat fuzzy, the ions are often treated as though they were solid spheres fixed in a lattice. The ionic radius may be larger or smaller than the atomic radius (radius of a neutral atom of an element), depending on the electric charge of the ion. Cations are typically smaller than neutral atoms because an electron is removed and the remaining electrons are more tightly drawn in toward the nucleus. An anion has an additional electron, which increases the size of the electron cloud and may make the ionic radius larger than the atomic radius. Values for ionic radius are difficult to obtain and tend to depend on the method used to measure the size of the ion. A typical value for an ionic radius would be from 30 picometers (pm, and equivalent to 0.3 Angstroms Å) to 200 pm (2 Å). Ionic radius may be measured ​using x-ray crystallography or similar techniques. Ionic Radius Trend in the Periodic Table Ionic radius and atomic radius follow the same trends in the periodic table: As you move from top to bottom down an element group (column) ionic radius increases. This is because a new electron shell is added as you move down the periodic table. This increases the overall size of the atom.As you move from left to right across an element period (row) the ionic radius decreases. Even though the size of the atomic nucleus increases with larger atomic numbers moving across a period, the ionic and atomic radius decreases. This is because the effective positive force of the nucleus also increases, drawing in the electrons more tightly. The trend is particularly obvious with the metals, which form cations. These atoms lose their outermost electron, sometimes resulting in the loss of an entire electron shell. The ionic radius of transition metals in a period does not, however, change very much from one atom to the next near the beginning of a series. Variations in Ionic Radius Neither the atomic radius nor the ionic radius of an atom is a fixed value. The configuration or stacking of atoms and ions affects the distance between their nuclei. The electron shells of atoms can overlap each other and do so by different distances, depending on the circumstances. The just barely touching atomic radius is sometimes called the van der Waals radius since the weak attraction from van der Waals forces governs the distance between the atoms. This is the type of radius commonly reported for noble gas atoms. When metals are covalently bonded to each other in a lattice, the atomic radius may be called the covalent radius or the metallic radius. The distance between nonmetallic elements may also be termed the covalent radius. When you read a chart of ionic radius or atomic radius values, youre most likely seeing a mixture of metallic radii, covalent radii, and van der Waals radii. For the most part, the tiny differences in the measured values shouldnt be a concern. Whats important is understanding the difference between atomic and ionic radius, the trends in the periodic table, and the reason for the trends.

Building Management System Bms Server Software Computer Science Essay

Building Management System Bms Server Software Computer Science Essay As we known BMS are created to controlled central computer method which has 3 basis functions, which is controlling, monitoring and also optimizing. However, there is a BMS server software to facilitate the works of facilities management which to functioning within the building and also to fulfill the building operation and maintenance. General Requirement The BMS server system is composed of 3 sets of reducant computers, which communicate with several kinds of input or output devices, subordinate computer system and higher order computer systems. The sections described the software required to achieve the desired functionality of the BMS. The software design is based upon real time data acquisitions and control capability. Data including point values, parameters, messages, instructions, databases access statements, master clock synchronization and other forms of computers data exchange may originates from or be destined for other sub-system and computers and database which may form pat of TAMS. It is responsibility of the BMS Sub-System Contractor to develop, test, document and debug software interface routines and supporting hardware to accomplish the interface requirement of BMS to TAMS and any other system or sub-system with which the BMS is required to communicate. The BMS Sub-System Contractor will provide software for the BMS Sub-System, which is proven in actual field installation of a similar size and scope. The BMS Sub-System Contractor will provide complete information and responses with tenders including reference sites, name, and telephone number of reference site contracts. Software Licensing KLIAB respects the propriety nature of certain software. Commercially available software purchased from a third party such as Microsoft Windows, UNIX, OS/2 and similar software packages are provided. Licenses are bound with the operation and maintenance manuals for BMS system. BMS manufacturer’s proprietary software is provided fully licensed. All BMS manufacturer’s proprietary software will have complete sources codes, programs listings and supporting information deposited in an escrow account at the BMS Sub-System Contractor’s expense. BMS Server Software Operating System The BMS server computers will utilize a multi-user, multi tasking operating system designed for client server operations. The operating system will support all the required software functions and application described in the BMS specifications. Standard services supported by Operating System on serves will include the following: Multi- tasking Multi- user support POSIX 1003, 1 compliance TCP/IP, SLIP Network Support Network File System (NFS) C language complier The BMS Sub-System Contractor will provide to the SMC one complete set of operating system user manuals and programmer’s references manuals bound as part of each BMS Operation and Maintenance Manual. BMS Software Executive The BMS Sub-System Contractor shall provide a complete BMS software executive module which provides at minimum: Workstation communication sport Printer quering and tasking I/O Channel support for up to 99 communication channel Disk optimization routines On-line database backup and restoration Memory management functions Software watchdog functions Networking functions Housekeeping functions Diagnostic routines Server Redundancy Software The BMS Sub-System Contractor will provide six complete server computers arranged as three sets of redundant ‘hot standby’ server system. Each server computer are equipped with all hardware and software with complete capability to support the designated BMS tasks.

The effects of Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The effects of Globalization - Essay Example In economic sphere, globalization brings new opportunities to developing countries through capital injections, new technology and innovative ways of production. After all, the total value of world trade exploded from $57 billion in 1947 to an astonishing $6 trillion in the late 1990s (Easterly 43). In the last few years, the public debate over the alleged benefits and drawbacks of free trade reached a feverish pitch as wealthy Northern countries have increased their efforts to establish a single global market through regional and international trade-liberalization agreements such NAFTA and GATT. Free trade proponents assure the public that the elimination or reduction of existing trade barriers among nations will enhance consumer choice, increase global wealth, secure peaceful international relations, and spread new technologies around the world (Easterly 2001). Following Bhagwati (2001): "Economic globalization constitutes integration of national economies into the international eco nomy through trade, direct foreign investment, short-term capital flows, international flows of workers and humanity generally" (1). There is evidence that some national economies have increased their productivity as a result of free trade. Moreover, there are some benefits that accrue to societies through specialization, competition, and the spread of technology. But it is less clear whether the profits resulting from free trade have been distributed fairly within and among countries. Most studies show that the gap between rich and poor countries is widening at a fast pace (Easterly 34). Free trade proponents have encountered severe criticism from labour unions and environmental groups who claim that the elimination of social control mechanisms has resulted in a lowering of global labour standards, severe forms of ecological degradation, and the growing indebtedness of the global South to the North. The internationalization of trade has gone hand in hand with the liberalization of financial transactions (Webber and Fort, 62). Globalization of financial trading allows for increased mobility among different segments of the financial industry, with fewer restrictions and greater investment opportunities. TNCs (transnational corporations) have consolidated their global operations in an increasingly deregulated global labour market. The availability of cheap labour, resources, and favourable production conditions in the global South has enhanced corporate mobility and profitability. Globalization boosts productivity and improves production processes in LDCs (less developed countries) like China, India, Korea and Singapore. Today, these countries become the core of global production and economic activities (Bhagwat 72). TNCs and new technology bring new cultural patterns and western style of life changing traditions and values of isolated regions. Cultural globalization refers to the intensification and expansion of cultural flows across the globe. Obviously, 'culture' is a very broad concept; it is frequently used to describe the whole of human experience. In order to avoid the ensuing problem of overgeneralization, it is important to make analytical distinctions between aspects of

Dancing at lughnasa play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dancing at lughnasa play - Essay Example Andrea Corr is a character who has left me confused despite the fact that this play is part of my daily activity. I am in dispute with my conscience whether Corr is a pop or folk singer. I also wonder whether I can rate her as a good actor or not because he only tries to transmit enraptured virtuousness characters. While the characters are on the stage, there is mood swing. In one split I find myself laughing rumbustiously, the next time my eyes are full with reeking tears. I realised that at all epochs no matter what the mood happens to be at every minute the play feels amazingly true. â€Å"Marcon† is another character I believe is depicted as wireless owned by the sister. Through personification it amuses as the character seem to be almost magical and know how to control and to adjust to sisters. Marconi’s role is very interesting and indeed has the command of a character in exploring and enhancing the other characters. Contrary to many who go to the theatre exactly knowing what they are going to see and here, Last Friday I left home with my sister to go to the theatre as a play which I have heard many talk of â€Å"Dancing at Lughnasa† was to be presented. I can say I was anxious to see the characters and the real thing my sister has always talked of. When the stage was opened one of the characters called Michael came forward and introduced the play, His way of introduction was impressing as the audience cheered. It was difficult for me to find out the relationship between Michael and other characters and identifying the themes in the play. I was so much pleased with the way Andrea Corr introduced the song in the play even though I did not understand the role of a song in the play, in fact I was not aware the type of song Corr was singing. This confused me further. Marcon was the character who puzzled me as could play different roles like changing to be sisters. The characters ability to swing the moods of the audience was another part that

William Butler Yeats poem, Leda and the Swan and Fred Chappel’s Narcissus and Echo :: Yeats Leda and the Swan Essays

William Butler Yeats poem, Leda and the Swan and Fred Chappel’s Narcissus and Echo Poets use many different stylistic devices to capture the attention of the reader. After all, who wants to read a boring poem? Many times, it is the opening line that acts as the "hook." What better way to capture someone's attention than to incite emotion with the first word. Some poets use form to their advantage. Perhaps by writing the words out in different shapes, they will create a broader readership. Some poets use symbolism, or structure to benefit their artistic license. I prefer the subtler and less common stylistic devices. Fred Chappel, in "Narcissus and Echo," and William Butler Yeats poem, "Leda and the Swan." use different, yet effective stylistic devices to capture the attention of the reader and hold on to them throughout the entire poem. By echoing the last sound of each line in his poem, Chappel is able to create two separate poetic rhythms. The first is the fundamental poem written about two mythological characters. Narcissus, the first character, was so enthralled with his own beauty that he fell in love with his own reflection in a pond. He, being so brokenhearted that he could never be with his true love (himself), wasted away until all that was left was a beautiful flower. Hence that flower called Narcissus. Echo is the other character in this "tragic" love story. She fell in love with Narcissus. This was before he turned into a flower, of course. She followed him, trying to speak to him but in his vanity he did not notice her. She was heartbroken and withered away until all that was left was her voice to follow him. Hence the echo. It was her voice combined with his reflection that Narcissus fell in love with. After all, who wouldn't want to hear their words echoed back to them by their lover? Chappel uses this story as the base for his poem, which seems to be of Narcissus' love. The difference is that the words that are echoed back are not quite the same as the original. They seem to be almost an ironic look into the shallow nature of this character. In the seventh line, Chappel brings this irony to light when he writes, "teasing playfully the one being. Unbeing" (181), almost as if he is trying to tell Narcissus that his love is a pretense.

Cyberbullying: Bullying and Possible Solutions Essay

Cyberbullying has become one of the main problem in today`s world, which is under the influence of social networking. Nowadays, more and more young people at the age of twelve from to seventeen claim that they have been subjected to the attacks of cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is an act of online bullying, which represents anonymous nasty comments and messages that can hurt a person psychologically or even physically (safetyweb.com, 2012). The purpose of this essay is to recognize the problems of cyber bullying and to find any possible solutions for it. So, first of all, this essay will show the problems of the cyber bullying. Secondly, there will be some solutions and evaluations of these problems. There are a number of problems connected with cyberbullying, but a psychological state of victim teenagers is one of the most important. According to the website pcmag.com, 88% of all users of social networking stated that they saw how somebody said unkind things to their peers. It is clear that 26% of girls 12 to 17 treat their peers more than boys (ibid.). So it is clear that unkind comments and messages have a great impact on the psychological states of teemagers. Depressions, tantrums, appetite changes and changes in behavior are an important sign of cyberbullying (safetyweb.com). Cyberbullying can influence that the teenager stops participating in social life, inwards him or her and it may even lead to suicide. Moreover, there is one more specific problem is bad grades. The victims might stop going to school, because they are afraid of their peers due to cyber bullying. This will lead to bad grades and the possibility that a child looses his chance for education. So we can see a series of problems and now move on to their possible solutions. According to Palfrey (2009) there are few solutions. For instance, it is a rational decision to provide a psychological help for victims by talking with them and helping to forget about accidents. Furthermore, adults can â€Å"get the whole story and listen closely to child`s feelings† (safetyweb.com). It is clear that there must be a strict punishment for bullies such as special fines. It is also an opportunity to provide an education for them and possibly for their parents. In case of school,  teachers can help victims to increase their grades. Also school can provide a safe process of education for victim children. As for social websites, it is possible to avoid anonymity by entering a real-name policy (BBC program Panorama). According to possible solutions, we need to understand that all these solutions have a great number of consequences. For example, psychological help for victims can cost a considerable amount of money, because people will need to provide classes and courses for specialists. It might also cannot be efficient. If we were talking about bullies, it would be almost impossible to recognize who the bullies were due to anonymity. If police finds the bullies it would be illegal to fine children, so their parent will have to pay fines. Nevertheless, it will be also hard, because parents could refuse to pay money or the welfare of the families would not let paying such penalties. To summarize all of the information we can see that there are some possible solutions, such as psychological training for victims and punishment for bullies, but, unfortunately, these solutions are hard or even impossible to implement, because they cost money, take time and in most cases are not efficient. References: 1. http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2397419,00.asp (Acesses 12.02.12) D. Poeter 2. http://www.safetyweb.com/poster (Acesses 12.02.12) 3. http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/2009/04/01_cyberbullying.html#BodyWrapper (Acesses 12.02.12) 4. http://www.bbc.co.uk/i/b01c00y3/ (Acesses 12.02.12)

A Tale of Oppression and Reaction Handmaid´s Tale by...

In Margaret Atwood’s Handmaid’s Tale, the character of Offred is restricted by the severe regulations of her society. The once democratic United States of America with equality for all has been turned into the theocratic and totalitarian Republic of Gilead. When Offred is affected by the strict standards of this society, she responds in audacious, yet furtive ways in order to not attract the attention of the omniscient Eyes who control the society and punish offenders After the United States becomes Gilead, many aspects of society change. In a sense the society travels back in time, erasing the strides feminists had fought to obtain. Offred arrives to work as usual and is told that it is against the law for women to work. They now have to†¦show more content†¦Now you are being given freedom from. Don’t underrate it† (Atwood 24). Although the women are no longer subjected to lewd remarks and catcalls from men on the streets, they are forbidden from many previous freedoms. Aunt Lydia is arguing that the women should be grateful for these â€Å"freedom froms† and not lament the â€Å"freedom tos† they have lost. As a rare and coveted fertile woman, Offred is forced to become a Handmaid and be passed from Commander to Commander. Each handmaid is renamed â€Å"Of,† signifying ownership, followed by the name of her commander, rebranding her as property. Renaming handmaids takes away their individuality and erases their former life, reinventing them as new people with a refocused purpose. It likewise makes her dispensable because a new handmaid can easily replace her and adopt the name Offred. She is obligated to partake in the â€Å"Ceremony† each month during which the Commander reads a bible verse before having sex with her as his wife encircles them. Offred struggles to define the act. As she explains, â€Å"I do not say making love, because this is not what he’s doing. Copulating too would be inaccurate, because it would imply two people and only one is involved. Nor does rape cover it: nothing is going on here that I haven’t signed up for. There wasn’t a lot of choice but there was some, and this is what I chose† (94). She goes on to emphasize that no passion or love is involved for anyone, even the Commander: he is simplyShow MoreRelated Feminism In The Handmaids Tale Essay1588 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism In The Handmaids Tale      Ã‚  Ã‚   Feminism as we know it began in the mid 1960s as the Womens Liberation Movement. Among its chief tenants is the idea of womens empowerment, the idea that women are capable of doing and should be allowed to do anything men can do. Feminists believe that neither sex is naturally superior. They stand behind the idea that women are inherently just as strong and intelligent as the so-called stronger sex. 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Atwood creates the patriarchal dystopia, Gilead, which strips